滇西北4个高原湖泊演变特征及其驱动因子

基于纳帕海、属都湖、碧塔海和剑湖4个高原湖泊矢量数据,利用Arc Map 10、Fragstats 3.3、Excel等软件,系统分析了1955~2012年4个高原湖泊水域面积和形状的时空演变规律及其驱动因子。结果表明,(1)湖泊时空演变规律各异。纳帕海水域面积和形状复杂程度都处于无规律的波动变化过程中。属都湖水域面积和形状复杂程度1955~1994年都处于增加状态,1994~2011年保持不变。碧塔海水域面积和形状复杂程度没有发生变化。剑湖水域面积1957~2012年呈减少趋势,形状复杂程度呈增加趋势。(2)时空变化程度各不相同。4个高原湖泊时空变化程度从大到小的排序为纳帕海﹥剑湖﹥属都湖﹥碧塔海。(3)演变驱动因子不尽一致。纳帕海的驱动因子主要为疏浚落水洞、建闸控水、泥沙淤积、改造河道、气候变化、湖水污染和旅游干扰。剑湖的驱动因子主要为疏浚河道、泥沙淤积、湖滩开发、建闸控水、气候变化和湖水污染。属都湖的驱动因子主要为筑坝蓄水。人为干扰和气候变化没有导致碧塔海湖泊的变化。(4)受人为干扰程度有差异。4个高原湖泊受人为干扰程度由重到轻的排序为纳帕海﹥剑湖﹥属都湖﹥碧塔海。     

Anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements in roadside topsoils of a suburban region of Bishkek,Central Asia

The ecological environment in Central Asia is vulnerable to pressure from human activity due to the physical geography and climatic fragility of this region. A set of indicators suitable for the future assessment of this pressure needs to be proposed. Thirty‐six topsoil samples (0–5 cm) were collected from roadsides in a suburban region of Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic in Central Asia, and a risk assessment of anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was systematically conducted with classic statistical methods. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and principal component analysis clearly showed that topsoil samples with high contents of PTEs (Pb, Zn and Cu) were strongly affected by traffic within a distance threshold of 200 m and that anthropogenic effects decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. The enrichment factor and anthropogenic contribution for Pb were the highest among the three PTEs, with average values of 2.0% and 47.4%, respectively, suggesting enrichment. However, the results of the human health risk assessment also indicated that noncarcinogenic risks did not occur for any of the anthropogenic PTEs. The reported method provides a new systematic pathway to reveal anthropogenic influences on the geochemical composition of soil. The conclusions of this work will be highly valuable as important guidelines for agriculture, and the results of the PTE contents will provide a scientific basis for soil collection in future studies.     

青海湖南部近57年大风日数的变化特征

为了更好地剖析青海湖南部大风日数的演变特征，笔者利用青海湖南部共和县气象局1961—2017 年的大风日数观测资料，采用线性倾向估计、M-K突变分析、滑动平均等方法，对大风日数的年代际、年际和季节变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：（1）自1961 年以来该地大风日数随年份的延长呈显著减少趋势，每10 年减少2.0 天；（2）共和地区春、夏、秋、冬四季大风日数均呈现出减少趋势，大风日数的减少幅度大小依次是：春季＞夏季＞秋季＞冬季，其中春季和夏季大风日数的减少趋势显著；（3）突变分析表明，春、夏、秋、冬四季大风日数未发生突变，年大风日数在1975 年发生了由多到少的突变。对于防灾减灾，合理利用气候资源，改善生态环境很有价值。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

Phenotypic plasticity in the morphology of small benthic Icelandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Intraspecific phenotypic diversity is the raw material for evolution, so understanding its origin and maintenance is critically important for conservation of biodiversity. Intraspecific diversity in a trait or a suite of traits can result from genetic diversity and/or phenotypic plasticity. The two are, however, not independent as plasticity has been shown to evolve. In this study, we evaluated the importance of phenotypic plasticity in generating morphological diversity in populations of small benthic Arctic charr in Iceland, using a rearing experiment with contrasting modes of feeding. We also examined the association between phenotypic plasticity in offspring groups generated by the contrasting feeding modes and important ecological variables characterising the natural habitats of the respective populations. Although the level of plasticity could not be related to any of the ecological measurements, clear differences in morphological reaction norms among populations suggest that plasticity is an important aspect of morphological diversity of the charr. It is not clear whether that plasticity is adaptive, but it is notable that reaction norms in all populations have similar reaction to the treatments.     

三燕时期辽西地区农业发展述论

魏晋南北朝时期中原的战乱促使河北山东等地的世家大族及流民纷纷迁徙到辽西地区，此地的人口数量大为增加，且带来了中原地区的先进生产技术。十六国时期，先后统治辽西地区的前燕、后燕、北燕三个地方政权对农业的重视和发展，加之优越的生态环境和悠久的农耕基础，辽西农业在耕作技术、作物的种类、水利灌溉等方面都有了较快发展，且带动了慕容鲜卑由畜牧经济向农耕经济的转变。农业生产虽受自然灾害和战争等因素的限制但整体上呈现波浪式发展。     

播期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响

油菜机械化生产中,植株倒伏是影响机械化收获的重要因素。为探讨不同播种期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响,以川油36和蓉油18为供试材料,分别设置9月22日、9月29日、10月6日、10月13日和10月20日5个播期处理,分析不同播期条件下油菜生育期气象因子、倒伏性状指标的变化情况。结果表明,随播种期推迟,油菜生育期内的降水量、积温、日均最高气温、日均最低气温和日照时长均逐渐下降,生育期逐渐缩短,成熟期植株株高、分枝部位、根颈粗、茎秆粗降低,倒伏系数增加。油菜抗倒伏能力在9月22-29日播期处理之间最强。因此,川中丘陵区油菜的适宜播期为9月下旬。     

蝴蝶兰成花品质的影响因素研究进展

蝴蝶兰商品化大规模栽培非常成功,在花卉市场所占比重越来越大。为了在国内生产环境下生产出更高品质的蝴蝶兰商品花,本文从品种、温度、光照、水分、气体、肥料等方面对蝴蝶兰成花品质的影响因素进行综述,旨在解决营养生长、昼夜温差等因素对成花品质的影响,以期为蝴蝶兰工厂化生产提供一定的理论支持。     

参考作物蒸散量对气象要素的敏感性分析

为了研究参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)对气象要素的敏感性,利用新乡地区1951―2003年逐日气象资料,由Penman-Manteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量,采用敏感曲线和敏感系数方法分析了参考作物蒸散量对气象要素的敏感性。结果表明,温度、风速和日照时间3种气象要素与ET_0正相关,相对湿度与ET_0负相关。1―12月,相对湿度和风速的敏感系数表现为"先减小后增大"趋势,而日照时间和温度敏感系数表现为"先增大后减小"趋势。在全年中,ET_0对气象要素的敏感程度表现为相对湿度风速日照时间温度;第一、四季度各气象要素在季尺度中的敏感性均为相对湿度风速日照时间温度,第二季度表现为相对湿度日照时间风速温度,第三季度表现为相对湿度日照时间温度风速;冬小麦生育期典型时段内各气象要素敏感性在1、3、10月份均表现为相对湿度风速日照时间温度,5月则表现为相对湿度日照时间风速温度。